Concepts, Definitions, and Rules: RuleSpeak® Practices

Ronald G.  Ross
Ronald G. Ross Co-Founder & Principal, Business Rule Solutions, LLC , Executive Editor, Business Rules Journal and Co-Chair, Building Business Capability (BBC) Read Author Bio       || Read All Articles by Ronald G. Ross
In my previous column,[1] I outlined the basic elements of RuleSpeak® from a formal point of view, as part of the Journal's coordinated coverage of Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR).  In December 2007, the Object Management Group (OMG) approved the "Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules" (SBVR) to become an official specification of the OMG.  Version 1 (SBVR 1.0) was published January 2008; Versions 2 (SBVR 1.1) & 3 (SBVR 1.2) were published in 2013).[2]  SBVR is the first OMG standard for concept models and business rules.

SBVR is a highly structured set of fundamental concepts, not a syntax for rule representation — it can support a variety of representational schemes and best practices.  In this month's column, extracted from the RuleSpeak Annex for SBVR, I examine RuleSpeak's support for definitions under SBVR, and how it relates to rules.  The companion SBVR Speaks column introduces SBVR's treatment of 'definitions' in general and, specifically, covers their representation in the language of SBVR Structured English.[3]

RuleSpeak® is an existing, well-documented[4] business rule notation developed by Business Rule Solutions, LLC (BRS) that has been used with business people in actual practice in large-scale projects since the second half of the 1990s.  The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) is very flexible in supporting alternative practices with respect to rules and definitions, including those of RuleSpeak.  This flexibility is enabled by the underlying logical formulations and their underpinnings in formal logic.

Two core RuleSpeak practices with respect to definitions are the following.[5]

  1. 'Essence' by Definitions.  A definition should always focus on the core essence of a concept — that is, on fundamental meaning that is unlikely to change.  Such meaning is expressed as naturally as possible.  The form of language used in common dictionaries is strongly preferred.

  2. 'Boundaries' by RulesAll constraints should be expressed as rules separate from definitions.  Such rules generally define the 'boundary conditions' of a concept; that is, when something is or is not an instance of the concept.  Since specific boundaries for a concept (e.g., 'gold customer') can change over time, they should not be embedded in definitions.  An additional advantage — crucial for communication with and among business people — is that the underlying vocabulary can be kept as compact and as focused as possible.

Experience in large-scale projects indicates that these core practices

  • ensure good business communication.
  • produce friendly and highly stable definitions.
  • scale extremely well for complex business problems featuring hundreds or thousands of rules.

RuleSpeak might therefore be characterized as more 'rule-ish' than the approach described in SBVR Structured English.[3]  RuleSpeak is well suited for practitioners who want to

  • move faster to rule capture.
  • use more natural (less formal) wordings for definitions.

These issues are pragmatic concerns for business rule projects.  It is important to remember, of course, that under SBVR either approach (and others) can produce identical semantics 'under the covers' (i.e., in logical formulations).

Example in RuleSpeak

A EU-Rent definition and set of related specifications taken from the SBVR EU-Rent Annex[6] concerning 'agency' (a category of 'branch') serve to illustrate.  The RuleSpeak approach is outlined subsequently.

Sample Definition and Related Specifications for 'Agency'

Consider what 'agency' means to EU-Rent:  these are service desks in hotels, travel agents, etc.  They have storage space for few cars, and are operated on demand by part-time staff who will typically do the entire workflows for rental and return.  Here is EU-Rent's formal definition.

agency
  Definition: branch that does not have a EU-Rent location and has minimal car storage and has on-demand operation

rental organization unit having a EU-Rent location
  Concept Type: characteristic
  Definition: rental organization unit that is based at a EU-Rent site that is owned by EU-Rent
  Note: Some things are based at EU-Rent sites that are owned by third parties such as hotels and travel agents.

rental organization unit having minimal car storage
  Concept Type: characteristic
  Definition: rental organization unit that has car storage that can accommodate a small number of rental cars

rental organization unit having on-demand operation
  Concept Type: characteristic
  Definition: rental organization unit that has hours of operation that are flexible in response to customer demand

RuleSpeak Approach for the 'Agency' Example

1. Find a suitable definition from a standard dictionary (or, if available, an industry glossary) to serve as the basis for the definition.  The Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary offers the following for 'agency', which is an appropriate basis for an essence definition.
    4a: an establishment engaged in doing business for another *an advertising agency* *an employment agency*
 
agency
  General Concept: branch
  Definition: a company engaged in conducting EU-Rent business operations
  Dictionary Basis: an establishment engaged in doing business for another *an advertising agency* *an employment agency* [MWUD (4a)]
  Aside:  Recall that 'agency' is a category of 'branch', its general concept (as noted in the entry above by the General Concept caption).  An alternative wording for the definition, incorporating the general concept instead of listing it separately, is:  "a branch that is a company engaged in conducting EU-Rent business operations".  Either approach is acceptable.
2. Define verb concepts for 'agency'.  For this example, assume an agency has the following (binary) verb concepts by virtue of being a branch.  These verb concepts would probably be indicated as properties. 
 
    branch has location
    branch has car storage capacity
    branch has operating mode
  Comments:
 
  • RuleSpeak does not emphasize using characteristics (unary verb concepts) for building definitions.

  • In practice, verb concepts are generally not given definitions in RuleSpeak — verb concept definitions usually don't add much if the underlying terms are well-defined.  (Now saying the same thing in more proper SBVRspeak:  When the meaning of a verb concept is the dictionary meaning for the verb phrase in the context of well-defined noun concepts for the things that play the roles, a definition for the verb concept itself generally adds very little.)

  • For the sake of simplicity, assume that 'location', 'car storage capacity', and 'operating mode' already have suitable definitions.
3. Define the appropriate definitional rule(s) to establish (current) boundaries for the concept 'agency'.  Note that these boundaries might be modified, expanded, or contracted over time.
   

All of the following are always true for an agency:

  • It has a third-party location.
  • It has a minimal car storage capacity.
  • Its operating mode is on-demand.
4. Specify definitional rules for derived terms (e.g., 'third-party location', 'minimal', etc.).
    A location is to be considered a third-party location if located at a EU-Rent site that is owned by a third-party.

The car storage capacity of a branch is to be considered minimal if less than ... [condition(s)].
5. Ensure all non-derived terms have essence definitions.
    on-demand flexible in response to customer demand
  Comment:  Derived concepts are generally not given definitions in RuleSpeak since the definitional rule(s) for them are, literally, definitive.

Definitional Rules vs. Behavioral Rules

In RuleSpeak, the distinction between definitional rules and behavioral rules is viewed as follows.[7]

  • Definitional rules prescribe criteria for how the business chooses to organize ('define') its business semantics.  Such rules express criteria for correct decisions, derivations, or business computations.  Definitional rules supplement definitions.

  • Behavioral business rules focus directly on the propriety of conduct in circumstances (business activity) where willful or uninformed actions can fall outside the boundaries of behavior deemed acceptable.  Unlike definitional rules, behavioral rules can be violated directly.

The distinction is clear-cut in most cases; in some, it is more difficult.  For example, consider 'booking' in the EU-Rent case study.  'Booking' (like 'order', 'reservation', 'registration', etc.) is essentially a 'made-up' device of the business.  It is an artifact of knowledge that exists 'simply' to help manage complex, expensive resources.

Therefore, rules about creating bookings (e.g., that the requested pick-up date-time is to be after the booking date-time) are to be viewed as definitional.  If not followed (applied) in creating a booking, the booking is simply invalid.  In other words, since bookings are a knowledge 'thing', the business can establish definitive rules for them.  These are the boundary rules discussed earlier.

Now consider 'actual pick-up date-time', the date-time when possession of a rental car is actually handed over to a rental customer (or is said to have been, anyway).  EU-Rent might want to avoid post-dating handovers — i.e., have a rule that the actual pick-up date-time is to be after the booking date-time.

This case is quite different.  'Actual pick-up date-time' reflects activity (or the communication thereof) outside the realm of knowledge artifacts — i.e., conduct that takes place in the 'real world'.  Because such rules can be broken (by people), they are behavioral.

In borderline cases, RuleSpeak best practice is the following:[8]

RuleSpeak Best Practice:  Carefully distinguish what should be (according to the definitional rules) vs. what really is, based on actual business decisions / actions.  One or more behavioral rules are then specified to constrain 'what really is' against 'what should be'.  These latter rules, being behavioral, are the ones that can be violated.

References

[1]  Ronald G. Ross, "The RuleSpeak® Business Rule Notation," Business Rules Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Apr. 2006), revised (Oct. 2013), URL:  http://www.BRCommunity.com/a2006/b286b.html    return to article

[2]  Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR), v1.2.  Object Management Group (Oct. 2013).  Available at http://www.omg.org/spec/SBVR/    SBVR 1.2 and all related files are available at http://www.omg.org/spec/SBVR/1.2/  return to article

[3]  SBVR Insider, "SBVR Speaks:  Concepts and Definitions in SBVR," Business Rules Journal, Vol. 7, No. 5 (May 2006), revised (Oct. 2013), URL:  http://www.BRCommunity.com/a2006/b288.html return to article

[4]  Ronald G. Ross, Principles of the Business Rule Approach, Boston, MA:  Addison-Wesley, 2003, Chapters 8-12.  Versions of RuleSpeak have been available from Business Rule Solutions, LLC since the late 1990s, available for download at RuleSpeak.com.  Public seminars have taught the syntax to thousands of professionals starting in 1996 (www.AttainingEdge.com).  The original research commenced in 1985, and was published in The Business Rule Book, 1994 (www.BRSolutions.com). return to article

[5]  Ronald G. Ross.  Business Rule Concepts:  Getting to the Point of Knowledge.  4th ed.:  Business Rule Solutions, LLC, 2013, Chapter 5, pp. 61-62. (www.BRSolutions.com/b_concepts.php). return to article

[6]  The car rental examples come from EU-Rent, a (fictitious) car rental company.  This popular case study was contributed to the SBVR effort by Model Systems and appears in detail as Annex G of the SBVR document. return to article

[7]  Ronald G. Ross.  Business Rule Concepts:  Getting to the Point of Knowledge.  4th ed.:  Business Rule Solutions, LLC, 2013, Chapter 7. (www.BRSolutions.com/b_concepts.php). return to article

[8]  Ronald G. Ross.  Business Rule Concepts:  Getting to the Point of Knowledge.  4th ed.:  Business Rule Solutions, LLC, 2013, Chapter 7. (www.BRSolutions.com/b_concepts.php). return to article

# # #

Standard citation for this article:


citations icon
Ronald G. Ross, "Concepts, Definitions, and Rules: RuleSpeak® Practices" Business Rules Journal, Vol. 7, No. 5, (May 2006)
URL: http://www.brcommunity.com/a2006/b288b.html

About our Contributor:


Ronald  G. Ross
Ronald G. Ross Co-Founder & Principal, Business Rule Solutions, LLC , Executive Editor, Business Rules Journal and Co-Chair, Building Business Capability (BBC)

Ronald G. Ross is Principal and Co-Founder of Business Rule Solutions, LLC, where he actively develops and applies the BRS Methodology including RuleSpeak®, DecisionSpeak and TableSpeak.

Ron is recognized internationally as the "father of business rules." He is the author of ten professional books including the groundbreaking first book on business rules The Business Rule Book in 1994. His newest are:


Ron serves as Executive Editor of BRCommunity.com and its flagship publication, Business Rules Journal. He is a sought-after speaker at conferences world-wide. More than 50,000 people have heard him speak; many more have attended his seminars and read his books.

Ron has served as Chair of the annual International Business Rules & Decisions Forum conference since 1997, now part of the Building Business Capability (BBC) conference where he serves as Co-Chair. He was a charter member of the Business Rules Group (BRG) in the 1980s, and an editor of its Business Motivation Model (BMM) standard and the Business Rules Manifesto. He is active in OMG standards development, with core involvement in SBVR.

Ron holds a BA from Rice University and an MS in information science from Illinois Institute of Technology. Find Ron's blog on http://www.brsolutions.com/category/blog/. For more information about Ron visit www.RonRoss.info. Tweets: @Ronald_G_Ross

Read All Articles by Ronald G. Ross

Online Interactive Training Series

In response to a great many requests, Business Rule Solutions now offers at-a-distance learning options. No travel, no backlogs, no hassles. Same great instructors, but with schedules, content and pricing designed to meet the special needs of busy professionals.